ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช?

ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ืฉื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืฆืžื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™" ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื˜ื›ื ื™, ืืš ืžืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ืืœื• ื”ื 4 ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื

ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืชื™ืง ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืกื” ืฉื™ื™ื“ืข

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืžื”ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืชื
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ืžื”ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืชื

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฆื•ื•ืื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืชื—ืœืง ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื›ืจื™ืข ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืคืกื™ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืœื”?

ืคืกื™ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืงื‘ืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ: ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก?
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ: ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก?

ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขืกืงืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ื”

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“. ืื ื–ืืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

2 ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืขื•"ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืข ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”

ืกื“ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžืจืชืงืช ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื ื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืื™ืš ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช?

ืื ืขื‘ืจืชื ื”ืœื™ืš ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื’ืจื ืœื›ื ื ื–ืง ืชืชืคืœืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช. ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ? ืืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื!

ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื”, ื™ืฆืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจื›ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื

ื–ืžืจ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ืื”
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ืื” – ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืขื•ืœื”

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื•ืžืขื™ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืืคื•ืกื˜ื™ืœ
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื”ื›ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžื ืช ื”ืืคื•ืกื˜ื™ืœ

ืืžื ืช ื”ืืคื•ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื โ€“ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’. ืืžื ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืชืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”. 120 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืขื•ื“ ื ื“ืœืŸ
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ืกื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ

ืžื™ืกื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืงืกื ืชืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืก ื•ืขื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป